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1G
First Generation wireless technology. Based on analog or AMPS technology, 1G wireless networks were designed to
carry voice traffic only. ( See Also: Analog, AMPS)
1X - a.k.a. CDMA2000 1X, 1XRTT
Third Generation wireless technology that offers enhanced voice and data capacity and higher data rates than previous,
second generation wireless technologies. 1X is an evolution of cdmaOne®. ( See Also: CDMA2000 1X)
2G
Second Generation wireless technology. Based on digital technology, 2G wireless networks offer increased voice
quality and capacity over 1G systems. 2G systems traditionally supported voice and circuit-switched data service.
2G systems are being replaced today by 2.5G and 3G networks. ( See Also: Circuit-Switched Network)
2.5G
Based on digital technology, adding 2.5G wireless technology to a 2G network provides packet-data service and improved
data rates. 2.5G technology has been implemented as GPRS. ( See Also: GPRS)
3DES
Triple Data Encryption Standard. A private key symmetric cryptographic algorithm, that protects computer data by
encoding (converting) the data three times for greater security. 3DES was issued as a Federal Information Processing
Standard and is an updated version of DES. ( See Also: DES)
3G
Third Generation wireless technology. Based on digital technology, 3G wireless networks offer increased voice capacity
and provide higher data rates than 2G and 2.5G networks. As defined by the International Telecommunications Union
(ITU), 3G technology has been or will be implemented as CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, WCDMA/UMTS and HSDPA/HSUPA.
( Visit: www.3gtoday.com - See Also: CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, WCDMA, UMTS, HSDPA, HSUPA)
4G
4G takes on a number of equally true definitions, depending on who you are talking to. In simplest terms, 4G is
the next generation of wireless networks that will replace 3G networks sometimes in future. In another context,
4G is simply an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the limitations and problems of 3G which is
having trouble getting deployed and meeting its promised performance and throughput. In reality, as of first half
of 2002, 4G is a conceptual framework for or a discussion point to address future needs of a universal high speed
wireless network that will interface with wireline backbone network seamlessly. 4G is also represents the hope
and ideas of a group of researchers in Motorola, Qualcomm, Nokia, Ericsson, Sun, HP, NTT DoCoMo and other infrastructure
vendors who must respond to the needs of MMS, multimedia and video applications if 3G never materializes in its
full glory
802.11 - a.k.a. Wi-Fi
802.11 refers to the body of standards issued by the IEEE for WLANs (wireless local area networks). 802.11 technologies
use an over-the-air interface to connect a device (for example, a Wi-Fi-enabled laptop) and an access point to
another network. The 802.11 family of technologies includes 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g and 802.11n. ( Visit: www.ieee.org
- See Also: Access Point, Hot Spot, Wi-Fi, WLAN)
A:
Access Point
A network device, or communication hub, that connects wireless devices to a wired local area network (LAN).
ADSL 2/2plus
ADSL2plus provides three-times better performance than traditional classic ADSL technology. A novel attribute of
ADSL2plus is that it can be configured for different applications, such as maximum performance to the user (Annex
A), maximum performance from the user (Annex M) or maximum reach (Annex L). ADSL2plus is typically implemented
in IP-DSLAMs.
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard. A standard for encryption intended to replace the DES (Data Encryption Standard).
AES supports key lengths ranging from 128 to 256 bits. ( See Also: DES)
A-GPS
Assisted-Global Positioning System. A technology used to determine an end-user’s position in urban areas or dense
outdoor environments. Differs from traditional GPS by adding an assistance server, which shares tasks with the
A-GPS receiver to expedite position location. Commonly associated with location-based services (LBS). ( See Also:
E911, LBS, GPS, gpsOne)
Air Interface
The radio frequency portion of the circuit (“connection”) between the cellular handset or wireless modem and the
active base station (cell tower).
Aircard®
A wireless modem that can be used in a laptop or other mobile computing device to connect to the Internet. Aircard
has become synonymous with wireless wide area network (WWAN) card, PCMCIA card and wireless PC card and is a registered
trademark of Sierra Wireless. ( See Also: PC Card)
AMBER
America's Missing Broadcast Emergency Response.
AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone Service. The first analog cellular phone system commercially deployed in the 1980s. ( See
Also: Analog, 1G)
Analog
In telecommunications, an early wireless network technology involving the modulation of radio signals, which transmit
information as sound waves over radio signals allowing one call per channel. Most wireless transmission is now
done digitally. ( See Also: AMPS, 1G)
ANSI
The American National Standards Institute. A standards-setting, non-governmental organization that develops and
publishes standards for transmission codes and protocols for use in the United States. ANSI serves as the official
U.S. member body to the world’s leading standards bodies, including the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO). ( Visit: www.ansi.org - See Also: ISO)
API
Application Programming Interface. A set of standard methods or functions that application programs can use to
access a particular set of services or tools, such as network services and program-to-program commands. For example,
BREW® provides a set of APIs for the development of applications for wireless devices.(See Also: BREW)
ARPU
Average Revenue Per User. The monthly revenue generated by a consumer’s wireless device usage. ARPU is commonly
used by wireless network operators and telecommunications/wireless analysts to estimate ROI (return on investment)
measures for investments in network infrastructure and end-user services.
Asymmetric Encryption - a.k.a. Public Key Encryption
A method of securing data for transmission that equips each user with two keys, a private key and a public key.
Each individual uses the other’s public key to encrypt the data that is sent and then each individual uses their
own private key to decrypt the data received. A trusted third party often provides keys.
Asynchronous
Communication signals that do not rely on a shared timing mechanism to transmit and receive information. Examples
are GSM and WCDMA networks.
ATM
ATM is used as a technology for the broadband transmission of telecommunications signals. In asynchronous transfer
mode, the information being transmitted is organized into cells. It is called "asynchronous" because
the recurrence of cells containing information from an individual user is not necessarily periodic. ATM provides
considerable flexibility, because the capacity of an individual subscriber's switched connection adapts to current
requirements.
B:
Backhaul
Refers to transporting data or voice between the wireless network and the PDSN (packed data serving node, in wireless
communications), or between the wireless network and the Internet (in a wireless local area network implementation).
( See Also: PDSN, WLAN)
Band
In wireless communications, a frequency or contiguous range of frequencies.
Bandwidth
In wireless communications, the width or capacity of a communications channel. Analog bandwidth is measured in
hertz (Hz). Digital bandwidth is the volume of data that a channel can carry and is measured in bits per second
(bps). ( See Also: bps, Channel, Hertz)
Base Station
Often called a cell tower or a cell site, a base station is a transmitter/receiver location that establishes radio
links between the wireless system and the wireless device. The base station includes an antenna tower, transmission
radios and radio controllers. Each geographic area in a cellular network requires a base station. ( See Also: BSC,
BTS)
BCMCS
Broadcast Multicast Service. A standard being developed for third-generation (3G) cellular networks. Provides transmission
of multimedia data from a single source to all subscribers in a specific area. Examples of multicast content could
include video and movie clips, news, sports or stock quotes. ( See Also: Gold Multicast
Blackberry®
A mobile device that supports wireless voice and data capabilities, including email, Web browsing, and contact
and task management applications. A wireless service that provides data transmission service is required. Blackberry
is a product name of Research in Motion (RIM).
Bluetooth™
A short-range wireless technology that interconnects devices such as phones, computers, keyboards, microphones
and mice. Bluetooth supports both voice and data communications.
BPS
Bits Per Second. The standard for measuring the smallest unit of information in digital communications and data
processing.
BREW® client
The handset client component of the BREW solution developed by QUALCOMM. An open, extensible client platform that
supports system and application software, including personalized and branded user interfaces. Compatible with most
wireless devices and networks. ( See Also: BREW solution)
BREW® SDK
Developed by QUALCOMM to enable software developers to write applications for BREW devices. Provides developers
with general development and debugging tools, sample applications with source code, user guides and testing tools.
( See Also: BREW client)
Broadband
Generic term for high-speed digital Internet connections, such as wireline, DSL or cable modems and wireless third-generation
technologies, such as WCDMA (UMTS), CDMA2000 1xEV-DO and HSDPA.( See Also: WCDMA, UMTS, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, HSDPA,
HSUPA)
BSC
Base Station Controller. A component of a base station, the BSC supervises the functioning and control of multiple
base transceiver stations and acts as a small switch. ( See Also: Base Station)
BTS
Base Transceiver Station. Includes the electronic equipment and the antenna that comprises a PCS (personal communications
services) facility or single base station. ( See Also: Base Station)
C:
CAP
Community Access Point.
CAPEX
Capital Expenditure. An expenditure connected to acquiring or upgrading physical assets such as equipment, property
or buildings.
Carrier
In wireless communications, an electromagnetic pulse or radio wave transmitted at a steady base frequency. Used
to transmit radio signals to a radio receiver. Also commonly used to refer to a wireless network operator or service
provider that provides mobile telecommunications services.
CCD
Charge coupled device. A light-sensitive chip or image sensor used in scanners and digital cameras that converts
light into proportional (analog) electrical currents. The AD converter converts analogue signals into pixel values.
CDG
CDMA Development Group. An international consortium of companies working together to lead the adoption and evolution
of CDMA-based wireless systems around the world.( Visit: www.cdg.org)
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access. A digital wireless technology that works by converting analog information, such
as speech, into digital information, which is then transmitted as a radio signal over a wireless network. CDMA
uses spread-spectrum technology, decreasing potential interference while achieving privacy. CDMA technology is
the basis for third-generation (3G) wireless technologies which offer increased voice capacity and provide higher
data rates than 2G and 2.5G networks.
CDMA2000® - a.k.a. IS-2000
CDMA2000 (also known as CDMA2000 1X) is a family of 3G wireless standards that offers enhanced voice and data capacity
and higher data rates than previous, second generation wireless standards. The CDMA2000 family of standards include
CDMA2000 1X and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. CDMA2000 is a direct evolution of the cdmaOne® standard. ( See Also: IS-2000,
IMT2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 1xEV-DO)
CDMA2000 1X - a.k.a. 1X, 1XRTT, CDMA2000
A family of third-generation (3G) wireless standards that offers enhanced voice and data capacity and higher data
rates than previous, second-generation wireless standards. The CDMA2000 family of standards includes CDMA2000 1X
and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO. CDMA2000 is a direct evolution of cdmaOne®. ( See Also: IS-2000, IMT2000)
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO - a.k.a. EV-DO, DO
CDMA2000 1X Evolution - Data Optimized. Third-generation wireless technology that offers broadband data speeds
to support applications such as VPN access, video downloads and large file transfers. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO is a direct
evolution of CDMA2000 1X. ( See Also: IMT2000, CDMA2000)
CDMA2000 1xEV-DV
CDMA2000 1X Evolution Data and Voice. Third-generation wireless technology that supports high-speed voice and data
on the same channel. Enables Internet connectivity for cellular phones, PDAs and other mobile devices. ( See Also:
IMT2000, Channel)
cdmaOne®
A brand name, trademarked and reserved for the exclusive use of the CDMA Development Group (CDG) member companies.
cdmaOne was the coined term for QUALCOMM’s original CDMA systems based on the IS-95A and IS-95B standards, which
made use of 1.25 MHz channels to deliver voice and data. ( See Also: IS-95 A/B)
CDPD
Cellular Digital Packet Data. An add-on technology that enables first-generation (1G) analog systems to provide
packet data. Today, 2.5G and 3G systems are replacing CDPD.
Cell
The geographic area encompassing the signal range from one base station. Wireless networks are comprised of many
overlapping cells to efficiently use radio spectrum for wireless transmissions. ( See Also: Base Station)
Cell Site
A fixed transmitter/receiver location, also known as a base station or a cell tower, which establishes communications
between a wireless system and a wireless device using radio links. The cell site includes an antenna tower, transmission
radios and radio controllers. ( See Also: Base Station)
Cell Tower
A fixed transmitter/receiver location, also known as a base station or a cell site, which establishes communications
between a wireless system and a wireless device using radio links. The cell tower includes an antenna tower, transmission
radios and radio controllers. ( See Also: Base Station)
Cellular
Analog or digital communications that provide a consumer with a wireless connection from the mobile device to a
relatively nearby transmitter (base station). The transmitter’s coverage area is called a cell. ( See Also: Base
Station)
Channel
The amount of wireless spectrum occupied by a specific technology implementation. For cellular communications,
there is a transmit side and a receive side. For example, a 5 MHz channel uses 5 MHz to transmit and 5 MHz to receive,
using a total of 10 MHz of wireless spectrum. ( See Also: Cellular)
Circuit-Switched Network
Networks that temporarily establish a physical circuit “connection” and keep that circuit reserved for the user
until a disconnect signal is received. A dial-up modem is an example of a circuit-switched connection. In contrast,
a packed-switched network are connectionless or “always on,” eliminating the need to initiate a connection for
data transfer. ( See Also: Packet-Switched Network)
CompactFlash Card
One of a variety of small removable flash memory cards used in mobile devices to provide additional storage capacity.
( See Also: Flash Memory)
Convergence Platform
QUALCOMM’s platform of Mobile Station Modem™ (MSM™) chipsets with dual processors to enable the processing speeds
necessary to converge wireless with consumer electronics devices. Supports higher-speed wireless data services
such as real-time interactive gaming and higher-resolution digital camera functionality. ( See Also: MSM)
Coverage Area
Geographic area served by a cellular system in which service is available to wireless users. ( See Also: Cell,
Base Station)
COW
Cell on Wheels. A complete mobile base station used to provide cellular coverage where coverage is unavailable.
Often used to enhance coverage for special events or as a temporary backup service.
CRM
Customer Relationship Management. An integrated information management system that is used to plan, schedule and
control the pre- and post-sales activities within an organization to improve customer tracking and communication.
Enterprises can wirelessly extend their CRM solutions, enabling sales professionals to remotely access timely customer
data for increased productivity and improved customer service.
CTLC
Community Technology and Learning Center.
D:
deliveryOne™
A suite of server-based content delivery products developed by QUALCOMM. Provides operators with varied solutions
for delivering wireless data content and custom user interfaces. Includes the BREW® Delivery System (BDS) and
the uiOne™ Delivery System (UDS). ( See Also: BREW solution, BREW Delivery System, uiOne Delivery System)
DES
Data Encryption Standard. Protects unclassified computer data using a 56-bit, private key, symmetric cryptographic
algorithm; issued as a Federal Information Processing Standard. ( See Also: 3DES)
Digital
A form of transmission that transforms analog signals, such as voice, into a series of electrical or optical pulses
that represent the binary digits 0 and 1. This numerical data is then converted into various forms depending on
the type of network, such as radio waves for wireless transmission, electronic pulses for a wired network or optical
light waves for fiber optics. Digital networks offer superior Quality of Service (QoS), secure transmission and
more bandwidth than analog lines. ( See Also: QoS)
DOT
Department of Telecommunications. The India government body that covers policy, licensing, and coordination of
telegraphs, telephones, wireless, data, facsimile and telematic communications. ( Visit: www.dot.gov.in)
Downlink - a.k.a. Forward Link
The connection from the network to the end-user communications device. In satellite communications, also refers
to the connection from a satellite to a terrestrial receiver. ( See Also: Uplink, Forward Link, Reverse Link)
DRM
Digital Rights Management. Technology for copyright protection of digital media, including ringtones, music, graphics
and video. Developed to prevent the illegal distribution of purchased content over the Internet.
DSL
ADSL2plus provides three-times better performance than traditional classic ADSL technology. A novel attribute of
ADSL2plus is that it can be configured for different applications, such as maximum performance to the user (Annex
A), maximum performance from the user (Annex M) or maximum reach (Annex L). ADSL2plus is typically implemented
in IP-DSLAMs.
DSSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. A spread spectrum technique used in radio transmission systems, such as CDMA,
wireless local area networks (WLAN) and some personal communications services (PCS) systems. DSSS converts a data
stream into a stream of packets, which are then transmitted over a wide range of frequencies using a “scattering”
approach. ( See Also: 802.11, CDMA2000, PCS, WLAN)
Dual Band
Functionality that allows a mobile phone to transmit in two frequencies for wider coverage area. For example, a
mobile phone may be equipped to use both the 800 MHz cellular and 1900 MHz PCS frequencies to send and receive
calls.
Dual Mode
Functionality that allows a mobile phone to operate in two different modes for greater roaming capabilities. For
example, a mobile phone may be equipped to support both CDMA2000 and WCDMA standards to send and receive calls.
DVB-H
Digital Video Broadcasting - Handhelds. A multicast technology standard specified by the DVB Project for the multicast
delivery of TV-like programming to wireless devices. With DVB-H, one signal is sent from the base station and received
by all subscribing devices within range. ( See Also: Base Station, DVB Project, Multicast)
DVB Project
Digital Video Broadcasting Project. A consortium of broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators, software developers,
regulatory bodies and others committed to designing global standards for the delivery of digital television and
data services. ( Visit: www.dvb.org - See Also: DVB-H)
E:
E911
Enhanced 911. A U.S. Government-mandated capability that automatically provides the caller’s geographic location
and wireless phone number to the 911 call center. The goal of the FCC’s wireless E911 rules is to improve the effectiveness
of wireless 911 service by providing emergency dispatchers with location information to within 50 to 300 meters
of the caller’s exact location. ( Visit: www.fcc.gov/911/enhanced)
EDGE
Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution. A software/hardware enhancement for existing GSM networks designed to
provide higher data rates to enhance the delivery of multimedia and other broadband applications for wireless devices.
( See Also: GSM)
EFM
The Ethernet in the First Mile Standard (EFM) was established in 2004. EFM addressed the gaps that existed in the
Ethernet family when applied to broadband access applications. The standard support five new interfaces: multi-pair
copper access to enterprises (2-BASE-TL), High-Speed Symmetrical Copper Access over short loops (10BASE-TS), Point-to-Point
Fiber access with 10km reach (100BASE-LX10, 1000BASELX-10) and Passive Optical Network (1000BASE-PX).
Embedded
In wireless communications, used to describe capabilities, such as Internet access, that are contained within a
device.
Encryption
In security, encryption is the ciphering of data by applying an algorithm to plain text. Types include Asymmetric,
Symmetric and Public Key. ( See Also: Asymmetric Encryption, Symmetric Encryption)
End-to-End Security
In wireless communications, safeguarding information in a network by encryption to ensure secure data transmission
from the point of origin to the point of destination. (See Also: Encryption)
Enhanced Multimedia Platform
QUALCOMM’s platform of Mobile Station Modem™ (MSM™) chipsets with increased processing power to support faster,
third-generation (3G) wireless multimedia. Also supports larger, high-resolution screens for improved viewing of
multimedia features such as video-on-demand, 3D gaming and video telephony. ( See Also: MSM)
ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning. A business management system that integrates all major facets of a business, such
as manufacturing, finance, sales and human resources functions. ERP software links together various back-office
computer systems, including SFA (sales force automation) and CRM (customer relationship management) applications.
ERP software typically incorporates heavy use of telecommunications, including providing wireless access to these
systems to enable real-time information requests.
Ethernet
Ethernet has evolved through a number of iterations to support increasingly higher speeds. The evolution has progressed
through Fast Ethernet (1995), Gigabit Ethernet (1998) and 10 Gigabit Ethernet (2003). Ethernet is defined for a
variety of physical media, such as category 5 copper, multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. Ethernet is a key
technology for high-performance broadband networks and common industry wisdom is "never bet against Ethernet."
The cornerstone of the Ethernet value proposition is simple interoperability through well-defined standards and
low cost through high volumes
EV-DO
Evolution Data Optimized and short for CDMA2000 1X Evolution Data Optimized. 3G standard that offers broadband
data speeds to support applications such as VPN access, video downloads and large file transfers. CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
is a direct evolution of CDMA2000 1X.
F:
FCC
Federal Communications Commission. The U.S. government agency responsible for regulation of the communications
industry. ( Visit: www.fcc.gov/aboutus.html)
FFA
Field Force Automation. Information technology solutions that help companies improve communication with employees
in the field. Wireless FFA solutions increase productivity by enabling mobile employees to remotely access centralized
databases, finalize service calls, update time/expense reports and schedule appointments.
FHSS
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum. A technique used in radio transmission systems, such as wireless local area
networks (WLAN) and select mobile networks. FHSS converts a data stream into a stream of packets which are then
sent in short bursts via transmitters and receivers that move or “hop” from one frequency to another.
Firewall
A combination of hardware and software that protects a computer or group of computers from an attack by an outside
network or computer user. A firewall enforces a boundary between two or more networks.
Flash Memory
A type of memory that can be erased and reprogrammed (rewritten). Commonly used in mobile phones, digital cameras,
audio players and removable memory cards, such as Memory Sticks or Secure Digital (SD) Cards.
FLASH-OFDM®
Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. An OFDMA implementation
for high-speed mobile wireless data. Delivers data rates comparable to wired broadband services such as DSL and
cable modems. FLASH-OFDM is a product name of Flarion Technologies.( See Also: OFDM, OFDMA, Spread Spectrum)
Forward Link - a.k.a. Downlink
The connection from the network to the end-user communications device. In satellite communications, also refers
to the connection from a satellite to a terrestrial receiver.( See Also: Reverse Link, Uplink, Downlink)
FOMA
NTT DoCoMo’s WCDMA-compliant 3G network. Supports high-volume, high-speed wireless data transmission to enable
multimedia services such as videophone and video mail.
FPS
In video, frames per second.
Frame Relay
Uses a form of packet-switching and multiplexes data. A frame relay network is able to accommodate data packets
of various sizes associated with virtually any native data protocol. An access standard defined by the ITU. (See
Also: Packet-Switched Network, ITU)
Frequency
The rate at which an electromagnetic waveform alternates. Usually measured in hertz (Hz) or megahertz (MHz).
G:
GAIT
GSM ANSI-136 Interoperability Team. A wireless standard that enables GSM and TDMA networks to interoperate. Requires
special handsets (often called “GAIT phones”) and used in conjunction with GAIT networking.
GAN
The GAN technology defines a new access network to the mobile core network that can be used to access the existing
circuit-switched and packet-switched services. The access network is based on use of unlicensed spectrum (e.g.
WLAN) and IP-based broadband access network. GAN enables GSM and WCDMA service to be delivered at homes or in offices.
End users will enjoy the same service as in the wide area network. GAN enables GSM and WCDMA service to be delivered
at homes or in offices. End users will enjoy the same service as in the wide area network.
Gateway
A network point that acts as an entrance to another network.
GB
Gigabyte. A measure of computer data storage capacity. Measured as approximately a billion bytes or 1,073,741,824
in decimal notation.
GDP per capita
Gross Domestic Product divided by the population.
GHz
Gigahertz. A measure of frequency equal to a billion hertz or a thousand megahertz (MHz). Gigahertz is often used
to measure UHF (ultra-high frequency) or to express microprocessor clock speed in some computers. ( See Also: Hertz,
MHz)
GMPLS
Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching is a set of IP-based protocols to enable the automated setup of connections
and restoration in the transport networks. GMPLS protocols will deliver functions to support areas such as fast
network restoration, bandwidth-on-demand, and differentiated quality of service. GMPLS is a development of Multi-Protocol
Label Switching (MPLS), a standard that speeds up packet-based switching networks. MPLS packets are switched along
a path that is set up using standard IP-routing protocols.
Gold Multicast
Technology developed by QUALCOMM that enables clipcasting or multicasting of multimedia content to a group of wireless
subscribers. Based on the BCMCS standard, Gold Multicast is a software upgrade for existing CDMA2000® 1xEV-DO
Rel. 0 networks. ( See Also: BCMCS, Clipcast, Mediacast, Multicast, Platinum Multicast)
GPRS
GPRS is a packet-linked technology that enables wireless internet and other data communications. GPRS provides
more than four-times faster speeds than conventional GSM systems. Using a packet-data service, subscribers are
always connected and always on line so services are quick and easy to access.. ( See Also: 2.5G)
GPS
Global Positioning System. A worldwide radio-navigation system developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to enable
users to determine their exact location anywhere on the globe from land, air or sea. GPS works via radio signals
sent from orbiting satellites to receivers on the ground. GPS receivers are used in a wide range of commercial
applications from fleet management to rural navigation. ( See Also: E911, LBS, gpsOne)
gpsOne®
An assisted-GPS (A-GPS) position-location technology developed by QUALCOMM. Integrates data from both wireless
network base stations and GPS satellites for a highly-accurate location description. Enables location-based services
for wireless devices that work in all types of terrains and dense metropolitan areas. A component of the Launchpad™
Suite. ( Visit: www.snaptrack.com - See Also: E911, A-GPS, GPS, Launchpad Suite, LBS)
Groupware
A category of enterprise software that allows employees to work more collaboratively. Groupware includes email
and PIM (personal information management) functionality such as calendar, to-do lists and contact information;
and allows employees to share data. Examples include Microsoft® Exchange/Microsoft Outlook® and Lotus®
Domino/Lotus Notes. ( See Also: PIM)
GSM
GSM, first introduced in 1991, is the leading digital cellular system. It uses narrowband TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access). Eight simultaneous calls can occupy the same radio frequency. GSM simplifies data transmission to allow
laptop and palmtop computers to be connected to GSM phones. It provides integrated voice mail, high-speed data,
fax, paging and Short Message Services (SMS) capabilities, as well as secure communications. It offers the best
voice quality of any current digital wireless standard. Originally a European standard for digital mobile telephony,
GSM has become the world's most widely used mobile system and is now being used in more than 100 countries. GSM
networks operate on the 900MHz and 1800MHz wavebands in Europe, Asia and Australia, and on the 1900MHz waveband
in North America, parts of Latin America and parts of Africa..( See Also: TDMA)
GUI
Graphical User Interface. The interface that allows the user to interact with a particular device, such as a wireless
phone or personal computer. Elements include pull-down menus, buttons, scroll bars, iconic images, windows and
help wizards. Sometimes pronounced “gooey”. ( See Also: UI
H:
H.248
H.248 is a Gateway Control Protocol (GCP), standardized by International Telecommunications Union Telecom Standardization
Sector (ITU-T), that is used by a softswitch (also known as a media gateway controller) to control a media gateway.
The standard is also endorsed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which refers to it as Megaco (Media
Gateway Controller). Using the H.248 GCP, the softswitch can control resources within the media gateway to provide
end-to-end service connectivity for voice, video and multimedia communications.
H.263
A video compression standard developed by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) for transmitting video
over limited bandwidth connections, such as mobile networks. Supports only the visual portion of the video stream;
the audio portion is handled separately. ( See Also: ITU)
H.264 - a.k.a. MPEG-4 AVC
A high-compression, digital video standard that offers greater compression than previous standards. Considered
an option for transmitting full-motion video over wireless and Internet connections. Jointly developed by the International
Telecommunications Union (ITU) and the ISO Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). ( See Also: MPEG-4, ITU, ISO)
Handoff
The process, invisible to the user, of transferring a cellular phone conversation from one base station (cell tower)
to another without interruption to the call. There are two types of handoffs: hard and soft. ( See Also: Base Station,
Hard Handoff, Soft Handoff)
Handset
A wireless device that contains a transmitter and receiver. Also known as a cellphone or mobile phone.
Hard Handoff
A handoff is the process, invisible to the user, of transferring a cellular phone conversation from one base station
(cell tower) to another without interruption to the call. Hard handoffs require that the connection of a cellular
phone call be broken in the original base station before the connection can be made in the next base station. A
hard handoff may result in a dropped call.( See Also: Handoff)
Hertz
The international unit for measuring frequency, equivalent to cycles per second. One megahertz (MHz) is one million
mertz. One gigahertz (GHz) is one billion hertz.
Hot Spot
A location, such as a coffee shop, airport or bookstore, where a consumer can establish a WLAN (wireless local
area network) or Wi-Fi connection. Hot spots provide a wireless access point for the user and limited coverage
(approximately 100 feet), depending on the location.( See Also: 802.11, Wi-Fi, WLAN)
HSDPA
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) is specified in 3GPP Release 5. With HSDPA, WCDMA has been extended with
additional transport and control channels, such as the high-speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH), which provides
enhanced support for interactive, background and, to some extent, streaming services. Enhanced Uplink is specified
in 3GPP Release 6 and has been extended with additional transport and control channels, such as the enhanced dedicated
channel (E-DCH), and with similar features to HSDPA. Enhanced Uplink will cater for the needs of mobile broadband
with increased performance in the uplink: it will provide up to 5.8Mbps in the uplink, reduced delay and 150-200
percent greater system capacity.
HSUPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access. An enhancement to WCDMA networks that provides higher data speeds in the uplink
to support applications such as VPN access and large file transfers.( See Also: WCDMA, Uplink)
I:
ICT
Information and Communications Technology.
iDEN®
Integrated Dispatch Enhance Network. A proprietary technology from Motorola based on the TDMA standard that allows
users to access phone calls, two-way radio transmissions, paging and data from one wireless device. Nextel Communications®
uses iDEN technology as the basis for its networks. ( See Also: TDMA)
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. A standards body responsible for developing computing and electronics
standards. The IEEE developed 802.11 standards for WLANs (wireless local area networks) that are widely followed
today.( Visit: www.ieee.org - See Also: 802.11, WLAN)
IEEE 802.11
WLAN technologies complement access technologies for cellular networks. WLAN enable higher data rates - up to 54
Mbps - for coverage in in-door hot spots. WLAN is a short-range packet data communication between base stations
and user terminals. Direct communication between terminals is also possible. There are several standards for the
WLAN air interface. It is only in the last year that market developments have made it clear that IEEE 802.11b and
g are the dominating standards. IEEE 802.11n is under development to support up to 540 Mbps and is planned for
release in 2008. The Wi-Fi Alliance certify to interoperability between 802.11 devices.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force. The body that defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP.
IM
Instant Messaging. Instant, real-time, text-based communication between two or more people over a network such
as the Internet.
iMoD™
Interferometric Modulator. QUALCOMM’s low-power technology for flat panel displays for mobile devices. Combines
ultra-thin film optics with a micro-electro mechanical system (MEMS) device to create displays viewable in any
lighting condition.(See Also: MEMS)
i-mode
Internet Mode. A proprietary cell phone service based on cHTML technology developed by Japan’s NTT DoCoMo. i-mode
supports Web content and services, such as mobile banking, email and news reporting for cellular phones.
IMS
IMS is defined by 3GPP/3GPP2 as a new core and service 'domain' that enables the convergence of data, speech and
network technology over an IP-based infrastructure. It is the operator choice of control and service logic for
primarily IP/packet-based person-to-person communication but also for person-to-content communication. For users,
IMS-based services will enable communications in a variety of modes – including voice, text, pictures and video,
or any combination of these – in a highly personalized and secure way. IMS is designed to fill the gap between
the existing traditional telecommunications technology and internet technology that increased bandwidth alone does
not provide. This allows operators to offer new, innovative services that shareholders and end users are expecting.
( See Also: IM, Packet, PTT, VoIP)
IMT-2000
International Mobile Telecommunications for the Year 2000. A set of ITU specifications for third-generation wireless
networks comprised of five wireless standards including CDMA2000 and WCDMA. ( Visit: www.itu.int/home - See Also:
3G)
Intellectual Property - a.k.a. IP
Intellectual Property. Refers to property rights created through intellectual and/or discovery efforts of a creator
that can generally be protected under patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret, trade dress or other law. Also
commonly used as an abbreviation for Internet Protocol.
Internet Penetration
The number of Internet users divided by the population.
Internet Protocol - a.k.a. IP
The Internet Protocol specifies the format and address scheme of information packets sent over the internet. IP
allows you to label a package with the destination address of the receiver and have the network carry the packet
to that destination, but there's no direct link between sender and receiver (IP is a 'connectionless' protocol).
When combined with specific higher-level protocols – such as Transport Control Protocol (TCP) – a virtual connection
is established between two hosts so that they can reliably send messages back and forth. The current version of
IP is IPv4. A new standard, IP version 6 (IPv6), is now being introduced in products and networks. IPv6 incorporates
functions essential for building scalable and cost-effective IP networks. New services, such as interactive multimedia,
require users to be 'always connected-always reachable.' IPv6, with its very large address space, will guarantee
a globally unique IP address for each connected device.. ( See Also: TCP/IP, VoIP)
IP Datacasting
Simultaneous transmission of content from a single source to a large number of wireless subscribers. Usually refers
to the delivery of a wide variety of TV-like programming to wireless devices, and can also include IP-based content
such as games or video and audio files.
IPR
Intellectual Property Rights.
IPsec
Internet Protocol Security. A collection of protocols for secure exchange of packets at the internet protocol (IP)
layer. IPsec supports two encryption modes: Transport mode encrypts only the data portion of each packet; Tunnel
mode encrypts the data portion and header of each packet.
IS-41 - a.k.a. ANSI 41
The network standard used by AMPS, CDMA and TDMA networks. The basis of the core network for CDMA2000. ( See Also:
AMPS, CDMA, TDMA)
IS-95 A/B - a.k.a. ANSI 95 A/B
Interim Standard 95. The interim standard for CDMA-based cellular networks.( See Also: IS-2000, cdmaOne, ANSI)
IS-136 - a.k.a. ANSI 136
Interim Standard 136. The Interim Standard for TDMA in the U.S.( See Also: TDMA)
IS-2000
Interim Standard 2000. The interim standard for CDMA2000, the third-generation (3G) wireless mobile standard for
CDMA2000-based cellular networks. ( See Also: CDMA2000)
ISDN
ISDN is a set of standard specifications for access technologies and services built on traditional PSTN networks
for enhanced and integrated voice and data communication.
ISO
International Organization for Standardization. Chartered by the United Nations, ISO was formed to define and promote
the development of various international standards. ( Visit: www.iso.org)
IT
Information Technology.
ITU
International Telecommunications Union. An agency of the United Nations with the goal of establishing telecommunication
standards. ( Visit: www.itu.int/home)
J:
Java™
A programming language developed by Sun Microsystems for creating and running software programs on a single computer
and in networked environments, such as the Internet. Java programs are portable and can be run anywhere in a network
that has a Java virtual machine (JVM).
JPEG
A standard file format for image compression, typically for photographic images. Commonly used to store and transmit
photographs over the Internet. The most common file extensions for this format are .jpg or .jpeg.
JVM
Java™ Virtual Machine. Interprets compiled Java code for a computer’s processor so it can execute a Java program’s
instructions.
K:
KB
Kilobyte. A measure of computer memory or storage. Measured as 1,024 bytes in decimal notation.
Kbps
Kilobits per second. Commonly used as a speed for data transmission. Measured as 1,000 bits per second.
KCC
Korea Communications Commission. Responsible for developing and enforcing policies which promote fair competition
in the telecommunications marketplace. ( Visit: http://www.kcc.go.kr/)
Kilohertz (KHz)
One thousand hertz. A measurement often used to reference radio frequencies. ( See Also: Hertz)
L:
L2TP
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol. A tunneling protocol that enables the operation of a virtual private network (VPN)
over the Internet. ( See Also: VPN)
LAN
Local Area Network. A small communication network covering a limited area, such as within a building or group of
buildings. ( See Also: 802.11, WiFi, Hot Spot)
Last Mile
Commonly used in telecommunications to refer to the final delivery of communications connectivity between the network
and the end user’s point of access (home or business).
Launchpad™ Suite
QUALCOMM’s suite of integrated technologies that enable advanced multimedia, connectivity, position location, user
interface, removable storage capabilities and many other capabilities. The Launchpad suite is integrated into QUALCOMM’s
MSM™ chipset and software solutions. ( See Also: MSM)
LBS
Location Based Services. Enables operators to offer personalized services based on the user’s location. Examples
of LBS include regional map information for real estate agents and asset tracking solutions for service representatives
at logistics and transportation companies. ( See Also: E911, GPS, gpsOne)
LCD
Liquid crystal display. A thin, flat display screen consisting of numerous color or monochrome pixels arranged
in front of a light source. LCDs are used in many mobile and other battery-powered electronic devices because of
relatively low energy requirements and easy readability.
LTE
3G LTE/SAE is the next step in terms of user-service experience, improving latency, capacity and throughput. It
will allow data rates above 100 Mbps. 3G LTE supports both FDD and TDD with the same specification and HW components,
allows for a large increase in system capacity and reduced cost per gigabyte. 3G LTE can utilize existing 2G and
3G spectrum as well as new spectrum.
3G SAE addresses cost-efficient deployment and operations for mass-market usage of IP services as well as improvements
in integration of non-3GPP (Third-Generation Partnership Program) access technologies. The 3GPP LTE/SAE standards
are expected to be ready in mid-2007 with commercial products expected in 2009.
M:
MB
Megabyte. A measure of computer processor storage and real and virtual memory. Measured as 1,048,576 bytes in decimal
notation.
MBMS
MBMS is a technology for broadcast of content over cellular networks to small terminals (handsets) e.g. for mobile
TV. MBMS utilizes point-to-multi-point connection, compared to Unicast where each session has a separate connection.
MBMS enables a wider number of channels to be provided in the network since the combination of channels can be
dynamically adapted to the demand in each cell and can be multicast when several users demand the same content.
MBMS is part of the WCDMA evolution standardized by 3GPP. MBMS will be available both for GSM/EDGE and WCDMA.
Mbps
Megabits per second. Measured as one million bits per second. A measurement of the amount of data transferred in
one second between two telecommunication points.
MDG
The Millennium Development Goals are eight goals defined by the United Nations as a blueprint for helping the world's
poorest people by the year 2015.
Mediacast
Occassionally used to refer to the multicast delivery of a wide variety of TV-like programming to wireless devices.
( See Also: Multicast)
MEMS
Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems. A technology that combines computers with tiny mechanical devices (such as sensors,
valves or gears) for integration with integrated circuits. MEMS devices refer to mechanical components that are
one micrometer (one millionth of a meter) in size.
MHz
Megahertz. One million hertz or cycles per second. A measurement often used to describe the speed of digital and
analog signals. ( See Also: Hertz)
MIC
Ministry of Information and Communication. The Korean government agency responsible for promoting Korea’s information
technology. ( Visit: http://www.mic.go.kr/eng/index.jsp)
Microbrowser
A Web browser specialized for a wireless phone, smartphone or PDA optimized to run in the low-memory and small-screen
environment of a handheld device.
Middleware
A type of software that connects or “glues together” two or more otherwise separate types of software and translates
information between them. For example, middleware is used to allow access between two different databases on a
network.
MII
Ministry of Information Industry. The Chinese government agency responsible for formulating China's information
industry policies and strategic development.
MIMO
Multiple Input, Multiple Output. In wireless communications, an antenna technology that uses multiple antennas
at the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). Antennas at each end are combined to reduce errors
and improve data speed. Can be used in conjunction with OFDM. ( See Also: OFDM)
Mobile Penetration
The number of mobile subscribers divided by the population.
MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is a communications technology developed by Third-Generation Partnership Project
that allows users to exchange multimedia communications between capable mobile phones and other devices. An extension
to the Short Message Service (SMS), MMS defines a way to send and receive, almost instantaneously, wireless messages
that include images, audio, and video clips in addition to text.
MMO
MIMO uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to improve performance and throughput for radio signals. The data
transmission is divided in multiple streams and recombined at the receiver-end to increase overall performance.
MPEG-3 - a.k.a. MP3
Moving Picture Experts Group-3. A standard for compressing audio into a compact file without losing a significant
amount of its quality. Used for the mobile transmission and storage of audio files.( See Also: CMX)
MPEG-4 - a.k.a. MP4
Moving Picture Experts Group-4. A standard for compressing video into a compact file without losing a significant
amount of its quality. Used for the transmission and storage of images and video clips.
MSC
Mobile Switching Center. A sophisticated telephone exchange that provides mobility management services, such as
circuit-switched calling, and coordination between base stations (cell towers), networks and mobile users within
a network. ( See Also: Base Station)
MSM™
Mobile Station Modem™. QUALCOMM’s wireless chipsets that enable mobile devices and handsets. MSMs ship with the
Launchpad™ suite, an integrated set of advanced functions and capabilities such as multimedia, connectivity, position
location, user interface and removable storage. ( See Also: Launchpad Suite)
MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching is used to provide high-performance, multi-service switching in packet data networks.
It enables efficient aggregation of multi-service traffic (including native IP, ATM and Frame Relay traffic) over
an IP network and provides traffic engineering capabilities to efficiently and appropriately forward traffic according
to the traffic needs. IP/MPLS is taking over from ATM as the preferred way to handle multi-service requirements
in data networks, including real-time services such as telephony.
Multicast
Simultaneous transmission of content from a single source to large numbers of wireless subscribers. Usually refers
to the delivery of a wide variety of TV-like programming to wireless devices.
Multimedia Platform
QUALCOMM’s platform of Mobile Station Modem™ (MSM™) chipsets that promotes mainstream adoption of third-generation
(3G) wireless multimedia with system and software solutions which enable video, audio, gaming and location-based
products and services. ( See Also: MSM)
Multipath
The multiple paths a radio wave may follow between transmitter and receiver. In cellular communications, refers
to a radio signal reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.( See Also: Multipath Fading)
Multipath Fading
Interference during wireless signal reception caused by the deflection of a radio signal off obstacles such as
buildings, mountains and other large obstructions. ( See Also: Multipath)
N:
Node
A point of connection into a network. In packet-switched networks, a node is one of the many packet switches that
form the network’s backbone.
Node B
Denotes the base transceiver station (BTS) in WCDMA technology. The transmitter(s) and receiver(s) used to communicate
directly with wireless devices. ( See Also: BTS, WCDMA)
O:
OEL Display
Organic Electroluminescent Display. A type of display technology that enables very bright flat screens. OEL displays
are often used in small portable devices because they do not require a backlight, resulting in a lower power draw.
OEM
Original Equipment Manufactuer. The manufacture of a device (often a consumer electronics product) that is sold
to another company which in turn sells the device to the end consumer under its own name.
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. A wireless communications technology and modulation technique that
divides available spectrum into multiple radio frequency (RF) channels. In OFDM, a single transmitter transmits
on many different, independent frequencies, which typically results in a signal with high resistance to interference.
( See Also: FLASH-OFDM, OFDMA, Channel)
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access. Wireless technology based on OFDM that offers forward- and reverse-link
communications and broadband data speeds to support applications such as VPN access, video downloads and large
file transfers. ( See Also: FLASH-OFDM, OFDM)
OMA
Open Mobile Alliance. A standards body that develops open standards for wireless information and telephony services
on digital mobile phones and other wireless terminals.
Operating System - a.k.a. OS, O/S
Software that manages the basic operations of a computer system. Examples include UNIX, Windows, Palm OS and Mac
OS X.
Operator
A wireless network operator, also often referred to as a carrier or service provider, that provides mobile telecommunication
services.
OpEx
Operational Expenditure. An expenditure connected to operating a business, including R&D, sales and marketing,
and administrative costs.
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection. A reference model established by the ISO to provide a network design framework that
allows equipment from different vendors to be able to communicate. ( See Also: ISO)
P:
Packet
A digital “package” of data that enables efficient use of radio spectrum and routing over a network, such as the
Internet or wireless networks. Each packet is numbered separately and includes the Internet address of the destination.
Packet-Switched Network
Networks that transfer digital packets of data. Packet-switched networks are connectionless or “always on,” eliminating
the need to connect to a network to send or receive data. In contrast, circuit-switched networks require a dedicated
circuit, or connection, for the duration of the data transmission. ( See Also: Packet, Circuit-Switched Network)
Palm OS®
Palm® operating system for handheld devices, including PDAs and smartphones.
PC Card
A wireless modem that can be used in a laptop or other mobile computing device to connect to the Internet. Synonymous
with PCMCIA card, WWAN (wireless wide area network) card and Aircard®. ( See Also: Aircard, PCMCIA)
PCMCIA
Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. An international association that standardizes credit-card
sized wireless modems which can be inserted into laptops or other mobile computing devices to connect to the Internet.
A Type II PC card is the most common PCMCIA card. ( See Also: PC Card)
PCS
Personal Communications Services. Refers to the 1900 MHz cellular frequency band. More commonly used as a marketing
term to describe digital wireless services in the Americas, regardless of the particular frequency band being used.
PDA
Personal Digital Assistant. A portable personal computing device used for text messaging, email, calendar, contacts
and a wide range of other applications.
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular. The second-generation TDMA-based wireless technology used in Japan. PDC is incompatible
with other wireless networks. (See Also: 2G, TDMA)
PDH
Plesiochronous (almost-synchronous) Digital Hierarchy (PDH) was the first standardized multiplexing hierarchy based
on time-division multiplexing and is mainly used for bit rates up to 140Mbps. Large amounts of information can
be transmitted over media such as microwave, copper or fiber using PDH technology.
PDSN
Packet Data Serving Node. Refers to the routers used in CDMA2000 wireless networks that comprise the backbone of
the network.
PHY
Physical Layer. Transmits raw bits of data by establishing and terminating connections to a networked communications
resource. Refers to network hardware, physical cabling or a wireless connection. Considered layer one of the seven-layer
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model of data communications. ( See Also: OSI)
PIC
Pilot Interference Cancellation. Increases the reverse link capacity of CDMA-based technologies by removing interference
from the pilot signal. ( See Also: Reverse Link, Uplink)
PIM
Personalized Information Manager. Software for keeping track of contact addresses and phone numbers, appointments,
project schedules and task lists. Sometimes called a contact manager. ( See Also: Groupware)
Pixel
One of the many tiny dots that represent a picture in a computer’s memory. Because pixels are so small and so numerous,
they appear as a smooth, single image when displayed on paper or a computer monitor. Pixels vary in color and intensity.
Platinum Multicast
Technology developed by QUALCOMM that enables the delivery of video and audio programming to a large group of wireless
subscribers, with more than three times the capacity of Gold Multicast. A software upgrade for CDMA2000® 1xEV-DO
Rev. A networks.( See Also: Gold Multicast, Mediacast, Multicast)
PNG
Portable Network Graphics. A file format for image compression. A lossless format, which maintains all image information
(such as number of pixels) when the image is viewed. In contrast, lossy formats such as JPEG may lose image information
when decompressed for viewing. ( See Also: JPEG)
Pocket PC®
A handheld computer that runs the Microsoft Pocket PC® operating system or Microsoft Windows Mobile™ 2003 for
the Pocket PC. Typically includes features such as word processing and spreadsheet applications, handwriting recognition
and wireless Internet access. ( See Also: Windows Mobile)
POP
Persons of Population. Refers to total population coverage according to a wireless service provider’s license.
In wireline communications, POP means Point of Presence, which is defined as the connectivity point between two
networks.
POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service. The basic wired telephone line that supports standard single-line telephones, telephone
lines and access to the PSTN (public switched telephone network). ( See Also: PSTN)
PPC
Pay Per Call. In contrast to flat rates offered by operators for monthly service under a contract. Also a commonly
used abbreviation for the Pocket PC.
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol. A protocol for communication that allows two devices to transport packets over a data
connection, such as a personal computer connected by phone line to a server. ( See Also: Packet)
PPTP
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol. A protocol for communication that facilitates virtual private networking to
enable secure remote access to corporate networks via the Internet. ( See Also: PPP, TCP/IP, VPN)
Protocol
Within the context of data communications, a specific set of rules related to data transmission between two devices.
Protocols set standard procedures that enable different types of data devices to recognize and communicate with
each other.
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network. Refers to the local, long-distance and international phone system. In the United
States, PSTN refers to the entire collection of interconnected phone companies.
Q:
QCELP®
An audio file format supported by select PureVoice® applications, which is a component of the Launchpad™ Suite.
Developed by QUALCOMM. The file extension for this format is .qcp. ( See Also: Launchpad Suite, PureVoice)
QoS
Quality of Service. A measure of network’s transmission reliability and efficiency. QoS is commonly used by network
operators to indicate a higher level of service guarantee to customers.
R:
R-UIM - a.k.a. CDMA SIM card
Removable User Interface Module. A removable card that can be inserted into certain CDMA phones and other mobile
devices that makes global roaming possible across CDMA and GSM wireless networks. The R-UIM card identifies the
user’s subscriber information, such as handset number and wireless features, and can also store data, including
telephone numbers and addresses. ( See Also: SIM)
Rake Receiver
A radio receiver designed to counter the effects of multipath fading; commonly used in devices such as mobile phones.
Uses several sub-receivers, each slightly delayed, to tune into the individual paths a radio wave follows (multipaths).
Each component is later combined to effectively strengthen the signal. (
See Also: Multipath, Multipath Fading)
Receive Diversity
A method of using two separate handset-based antennas to improve signal reception, increase data rates and improve
network capacity. May also be used when a single device supports two different services, such as GPS for location-based
services and CDMA for voice and data transmission.
Reverse Link - a.k.a. Uplink
The connection from the end-user communications device to the network. In satellite communications, also refers
to the connection from a terrestrial transmitter to a satellite. ( See Also: Forward Link, Uplink, Downlink)
RF
Radio Frequency. Measured in Hertz, MHz and GHz. Wireless and cordless telephones, radio and television broadcast
stations, satellite communications systems and two-way radio services all operate using radio frequencies.
RF CMOS
Radio Frequency Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. A low-cost, high-volume digital process technology. CMOS-based
devices use minimal power and don’t produce as much heat as other processing technologies. Allows more functions,
such as the radio frequency (RF) and baseband components, to be integrated into a single chip.
RFID
Radio Frequency Identification. A method of remotely retrieving data from and storing data associated with animals,
people, products or equipment. Requires an RFID tag which contains an antenna to enable the tag to send and receive
queries from an RFID transceiver. ( See Also: RFID Tag)
RFID Tag
Radio Frequency Identification Tag. A small radio frequency device used to identify and track people, animals,
commercial products or corporate assets.
RJ-11
Standard 4-wire connectors for phone lines. Standard 4-wire connectors for phone lines.
RJ-22
Standard 4-wire connectors for phone lines with secondary phone functions (such as call forward, voice mail, or
dual lines). Standard 4-wire connectors for phone lines with secondary phone functions (such as call forward, voice
mail, or dual lines).
RJ-45
Standard 8-wire connectors for networks. Also used as phone lines in some cases. Standard 8-wire connectors for
networks. Also used as phone lines in some cases.
RNA
Remote Network Access ; Terminology being used for the hardware/software for connecting remote workers, offices,
customers and suppliers through non-dedicated (dial-up/ISDN) connections. - Remote Network Access ; Terminology
being used for the hardware/software for connecting remote workers, offices, customers and suppliers through non-dedicated
(dial-up/ISDN) connections.
Roaming
The ability to access a network anywhere and move freely while maintaining an active link through a wireless connection
to a network. Roaming usually requires a handoff when a node (user) moves from one cell to another. The ability
to access a network anywhere and move freely while maintaining an active link through a wireless connection to
a network. Roaming usually requires a handoff when a node (user) moves from one cell to another.
RNA
Remote Network Access -- Remote Network Access
Term used to define hardware and software solutions used to remote access of information resources using dial-up
and ISDN solutions. This is terminology based on current usage; may include wireless networks in future - see chapter
10 for further information.
Router
A device that interconnects networks that are either local area or wide area. A device that interconnects networks
that are either local area or wide area.
RNC
Radio Network Controller. Equipment in third-generation (3G) wireless networks that interfaces with the core network,
controls the radio transmitters and receivers in Node Bs, and performs mobility functions. ( See Also: Node B)
Roaming
Refers to a cellular subscriber using mobile phone service while outside of his/her service provider's coverage
area.
ROI
Return On Investment. A financial performance measure to determine the relative attractiveness of a proposed investment.
ROI is typically measured in dollars but can also be measured by less quantifiable benefits such as increased customer
satisfaction.
S:
S-GPS
Simultaneous-Global Positioning System. In telecommunications, the simultaneous operation of GPS location capabilities
and CDMA2000 voice calls. (See Also: LBS, GPS)
SCM
Supply Chain Management. The communications link between a company and its suppliers, distributors and customers.
Wireless SCM solutions are deployed to allow mobile access to the Internet and private corporate intranets to more
efficiently manage inventory.
SDP
A Service Delivery Platform comprises a set of Service Offerings, a Support Platform and a set of Enablers that
together in symbiosis with existing operator platforms and business processes and across multiple network technologies,
makes it possible for operators to create their own services.
SDK
Software Development Kit. A set of software tools, usually designed for use with a particular operating system,
that enables software developers to write programs that will work on the target operating system.
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is a standard for transport of digital signals with different capacities. In
SDH technology management, functionality for service provisioning, fault management and restoration is built into
the transport network. SDH equipment and networks are currently undergoing a major evolution to 'data over SDH'
or 'next-generation SDH' to transport data services more effectively. This encompasses both new SDH technologies,
such as Virtual Concatenation and GFP/LAPS encapsulation, as well as significant changes to network equipment architectures.
Service Provider
A “carrier” or “network operator” that provides mobile telecommunication services. ( See Also: Operator)
SFA
Sales Force Automation. A system that allows salespeople to record account and contact information, send form letters
and schedule future activities. Wireless SFA solutions provide mobile employees with access to Web-based SFA databases
via the Internet.
SIM
Subscriber Identity Module. A removable card built into all GSM phones and other mobile devices. The SIM identifies
the user’s subscriber information, such as handset number and wireless features, and can also store data, including
telephone numbers and addresses.
SIP
The main purpose of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) is to initiate and terminate interactive multimedia sessions,
such as voice, video and chat. One of the most attractive features of SIP is the redirect, which makes it possible
it for users to initiate and receive communication and services from any location, and for networks to identify
the users where ever they are. SIP are not limited to any particular type of communication but can mediate any
kind of communication session. SIP was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and was selected
by 3GPP as a standard for IP Multimedia (IMS) in Release 5.
Smartphone
A category of mobile phones that supports both wireless data and voice capabilities. Smartphones include enhanced
software and applications, including operating systems such as Palm OS and Windows Mobile. In addition to telephone
functionality, features on a smartphone might include email, Internet access and remote access to corporate databases.
( See Also: Palm OS, Windows Mobile)
SMIL
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language. A programming language used to easily define and synchronize multimedia
elements, such as video, sound and still images, for Internet usage. Pronounced smile.
SMS
Short Message Service is a wireless service available on digital mobile networks. It enables the transmission of
text messages between mobile phones and other systems such as electronic mail, paging and voice mail. Up to 160
characters can be sent and received through the network operator's message system to the mobile phone. SMS is an
alternative to paging services, and can be used to provide reminder services, stock and currency quotes, airline
schedules, and account information, for example.
Soft Handoff
The process, invisible to the user, of transferring a cellular phone conversation from one base station (cell tower)
to another without interruption to the call. There are two types of handoffs: hard and soft. Soft handoffs do not
require the original connection to be broken when transferring to an adjacent base station. ( See Also: Handoff)
Softswitching
Centralized session/call control and distributed switching of payload is inherent in softswitch network design,
also known as layered architecture. The Softswitch provides call/session and media gateway control having the intelligence
needed to properly execute the required service, including the service logic, authorization and billing. To perform
this function a Softswitch utilizes standardized network signaling protocols such as SIP, SIP-T/I, H.323, H.248,
BICC, and SIGTRAN.
Spread Spectrum
A method of transmitting a radio frequency (RF) signal by “spreading” it over a broad range of frequencies. This
facilitates reduced interference and increased capacity within a particular radio frequency band. CDMA technology
is based on spread spectrum. ( See Also: CDMA)
SS7
Signaling System 7. The protocol used in public-switched telephone systems for establishing calls and providing
services such as 800 numbers, call forwarding, caller ID and number portability.
SSL
Secure Sockets Layer. A protocol for managing the security of message transmission on the Internet, for example,
between a Web server and a Web browser.
STN-LCD
Super Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display. A low-power LCD flat-panel display technology that requires each
pixel to be refreshed many times per second, resulting in low response times. Requires less power and is less expensive
than TFT technology. ( See Also: LCD, TFT)
Subscriber
In wireless, a user of a mobile telecommunication service.
Symbian® OS
An operating system for smartphones licensed by Symbian to handset manufacturers.
Symmetric Encryption
A secure method of converting data for transmission that uses the same cipher, or “key,” to encrypt and decrypt
the message. ( See Also: Asymmetric Encryption)
Synchronous
Communication transmissions that are timed by a clocking signal and occur with equal time intervals between them.
An example is the constant transmission of time-sensitive data, such as real-time voice.
T:
TCO
Total Cost of Ownership. A financial measure commonly used by enterprises to calculate total relevant costs of
a particular project. TCO includes the actual purchase price or cost of implementation plus relevant costs such
as administration, maintenance, support, software and training.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. A communications protocol that has become the de facto standard
protocol for the Internet. “TCP” provides transport functions, ensuring that the total amount of data sent is correctly
received. “IP” provides the routing mechanism, ensuring the information reaches the correct destination.
TD-SCDMA
Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access. A third-generation, (3G) wireless standard that offers
enhanced voice and data capacity and higher data rates than previous second generation wireless standards. One
of the three international CDMA technology-based standards accepted by the ITU for third-generation wireless communications.
( See Also: ITU, 3G)
TDD
Time Division Duplexing. The application of time-division multiple access (TDMA) to separate inbound and outbound
signals. Allows devices to transmit and receive on a single frequency at different time intervals. ( See Also:
TDMA)
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access. A second-generation, digital wireless communication technology that increases the
amount of data that can be delivered by dividing each cellular channel into time slots. Wireless standards that
use TDMA technology include GSM, PDC and iDEN. TDMA is a technology for digital transmission of radio signals.
The frequency band is split into a number of channels. Each channel is split into time units, allowing a large
number of user to share access in a time ordered sequence without interfering with one another. TDMA technology
is for example used by the GSM, GPRS and EDGE accesses. TDMA is also the name of a system based on the ANSI/TIA/EIA-136
standard.( See Also: GSM, PDC, iDEN)
Terminal
A device, such as a laptop or cellphone, used to access a network.
TFT - a.k.a. Active Matrix Display Technology
Thin-Film Transistor. The technology used to make liquid crystal display (LCD) display screens. Commonly used in
notebook and laptop computers. (See Also: LCD)
TIA
Telecommunications Industry Association. A U.S. trade association representing the communications and information
technology industry. Responsible for certain technical standards covering both wireless and wireline phone technology.
TOPIC64
Training Online Partnership for Information Technology in Communities.
Tri-Mode - a.k.a. Triple Mode
Triple Mode. Functionality that allows a mobile phone to transmit in three modes for wider coverage area. For example,
a mobile phone may be equipped to use analog, 800 MHz cellular and 1900 MHz PCS frequencies to make and receive
calls.
TV-Out
Standard TV interface used to connect a mobile device to a compatible external device, such as a television or
computer. Used to view images, watch video or play games.
Two-Way Paging - a.k.a. Interactive Paging
The ability to send and receive data via the Internet by way of a paging network.
U:
uiOne™ Delivery System
A solution developed by QUALCOMM that delivers themed and personalized user experiences with dynamic content to
uiOne-enabled devices. Can be integrated into an operator’s existing content service offering. ( See Also: deliveryOne)
uiOne™ offering
Part of the suite of BREW products and services. Enables the development and deployment of custom user interfaces
for wireless phones. Includes the uiOne Toolkit, uiOne SDK (software development kit) and uiOne ART (applications,
resources and templates). (See Also: BREW solution, uiOne Delivery System)
UMTS - a.k.a. WCDMA
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. A third-generation (3G), CDMA-based wireless communication standard
that offers enhanced voice and data capacity and higher data rates than previous, second generation wireless technologies.
( See Also: WCDMA)
Unicast
The transmission of content from a single source to a single receiver over a network.
Uplink - a.k.a. Reverse Link
The connection from the end-user communications device to the network. In satellite communications, also refers
to the connection from a terrestrial transmitter to a satellite. ( See Also: Downlink, Forward Link, Reverse Link)
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network. The Node Bs and radio network controllers that make up a UMTS network. Enables
connectivity between the user equipment and the core network. ( See Also: Node B, UMTS)
UWB
Ultra Wideband. A wireless technology for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a wide spectrum of frequency
bands across relatively short distances.
V:
Value Platform
QUALCOMM’s platform of Mobile Station Modem™ (MSM™) chipsets which enables affordable wireless voice and data services,
including basic color screens, music, ringtones and voice-recognition features. ( See Also: MSM)
Voice Recognition
The technology found on some wireless phones, PCs and other communication devices that enables the device to respond
to spoken commands.
VoIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol. The routing of voice conversations, sent as digital packets of data, over the Internet
or other IP network. ( See Also: Packet)
VPN
Virtual Private Network. A network that is constructed using public wires to connect remote offices or individual
users to their organizations’ network. VPNs use encryption and other security mechanisms to ensure network access
to authorized users. VPNs are an essential component of secure wireless computing for the enterprise. ( See Also:
Encryption
V.32
An international standard for synchronous and asynchronous transfer of data of up to 9,600 bps over dial-up telephone
lines.
V.32bis
An international standard for synchronous and asynchronous transfer of data of up to 14,400 bps over dial-up telephone
lines.
V.34
An international standard for synchronous and asynchronous transfer of data of up to 28,800 bps over dial-up telephone
lines.
V.42
An international error correction protocol that uses Link Access Procedure Modem (LAP-M) as the primary protocol,
and MNP2-4 as back-up protocols.
V.42bis
An international data compression protocol that can compress data by as much as 4-to-1.
VSAT
Very-Small-Aperture Terminal.
W:
WAN
Wide Area Network. A geographically dispersed telecommunications network. A WAN may be privately owned or rented,
but the term usually refers to a public network.
WAP
Wireless Application Protocol. A set of standards that enables a wireless device to browse content from specially
coded Web pages over wireless devices such as mobile phones.
WCDMA - a.k.a. UMTS
WCDMA is a wideband spread-spectrum 3G mobile telecommunication air interface that utilizes code division multiple
access (or CDMA the general multiplexing scheme, not to be confused with CDMA the standard). It provides simultaneous
support for a wide range of services with different characteristics on a common 5MHz carrier. The term WCDMA also
refers to one of the International Telecommunications Union's IMT-2000 standards, a type of 3G cellular network.
WCDMA is the technology behind the 3G UMTS standard and is closely allied with the 2G GSM standard. It provides
new service capabilities, increased network capacity and reduced cost for voice and data services. The term 'WCDMA
Evolved' describes the evolution of WCDMA, addressing both operators' needs for efficiency and users' demands for
enhanced experience and convenience. The first steps of this evolution are HSDPA and Enhanced Uplink.. ( See Also:
CDMA, IMT-2000, 3G, UMTS)
WEP
Wired Equivalency Privacy. An optional feature for Wi-Fi and 802.11b that offers privacy by using an encryption
algorithm that scrambles data before any data is transmitted. ( See Also: Wi-Fi, 802.11)
Wi-Fi
Short for “Wireless Fidelity” and another name for WLAN (wireless local area network). Allows a mobile user to
connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless connection. Wi-Fi has been deployed in airports, universities,
bookstores, coffee shops, office campuses and private residences. ( See Also: 802.11, Hot Spot, WLAN)
WiMAX
Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access. A group of proposed wireless standards for high-throughput broadband
connections over long distances. Applications include “last mile” broadband connections and hot spots. Trade name
for a new family of IEEE 802.16 wireless standards. ( See Also: Broadband, Hot Spot, IEEE, Last Mile)
Windows Mobile™
Microsoft’s global brand for its Pocket PC Operating System. Windows Mobile supports various Pocket PC® devices
including smartphones and includes features such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and email synchronization.
Wireless Node
A device equipped with wireless network interface capability.
Wireless Spectrum
A band of frequencies in which wireless signals travel carrying voice and data.
Wireless MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network. Enables broadband network access with exterior antennas that communicate with
base stations that are connected to core network. An alternative to fixed-line networks. Developed by the IEEE
802.16 Working Group. ( See Also: Broadband, IEEE
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network. Where the movement is within a contained geographical area, you can provide mobility
by implementing a wireless LAN and equipping your mobile device with a corresponding wireless adapter - a PC card
variety that goes into a notebook, hand-held PDA, a Windows CE-compatible device or Palm Pilot organizer. Allows
a mobile user to connect to a local area network (LAN) through a wireless connection. WLANs have been deployed
in airports, universities, bookstores, coffee shops, office campuses and private residences. ( See Also: 802.11,
Hot Spot, Wi-Fi)
WPAN
Wireless Personal Area Network. These are wireless networks that can be installed in a small office or home within
5-15 metre distances. Two technologies being used for this purpose are IrDA which is based on line of sight requirement
within two devices, usually a few feet apart. For more details on IrDA, please go to IrDA site. The second technology
is Blue Tooth. Blue tooth technology supports multipoint connection without line of sight requirement.
WWAN
Wireless Wide Area Network. Geographically separate computer networks joined through a wireless connection. A WWAN
is similar to a WLAN (wireless local area network), but typically covers an entire metropolitan or nationwide area.
( See Also: CDMA2000, WCDMA, OFDM, OFDMA)
X:
XML
eXtensible Markup Language. A computer language developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) designed to improve
the functionality of the Internet by providing a more flexible way to share basic data, such as phone numbers or
addresses. For example, XML may be used to share data between desktop computers and wireless devices.
Z:
ZIF - a.k.a. Direct Conversion
Zero Intermediate Frequency. A radio frequency architecture that eliminates the entire intermediate frequency section
of the cellular phone, resulting in smaller-sized wireless devices. The basis of QUALCOMM’s radioOne® technology.
( See Also: radioOne) |
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